Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and social effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

in this research, their effects on the flight of airplanes were investigated. The study area is the country of Iran, and the flight routes of Kermanshah, Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran. The research data includes maps of the Vertical Transect (profile) of the jet stream, the daily average of the Zonal wind (U-Wind) and meridional wind (V-Wind) components for the winter period of 2018 through NOAA/NCEP environmental databases. Also, flight route information was received from FlightRadar24 and Flightaware systems. First, by using Vertical Transect maps, the days containing strong U-Wind were extracted, and the average position of the core of the Jet Streams in the Zonal and meridional wind components, the Tropospheric level of 200 HP was detected. The list of flights was prepared, and the Zonal Wind maps were produced. Finally, the height of the flights was compared with the level of the currents of the Jet Streams, and the influence or lack of influence of the Jet Streams on the flights was studied. According to the results of the research, all the Jet Streams caused turbulence for all flights, and they caused a decrease in the speed of flights between Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran and an increase in the speed of flights between Kermanshah and Tehran according to the direction and type of Jet Streams. It was also found that all the Jet Streams had a speed of more than 90 knots, so the capacity to create tension and turbulence such as CAT was seen in them

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This study is going to consider the factors vital for comprehension. The Graded Salience Hypothesis is the framework for this study. Persian indirect requests will be tested and the relation between different contexts, familiarity level and reading times will be studied. At first, figurative and literal contexts were prepared. A software for measuring reading time in self-paced reading experiments was designed. In the first pretest, partici-pants defined the familiarity of expressions. The second pretest aimed to confirm the sameness of context bias. In the first part of the main test, participants read each indirect request in a figurative context and reading times were recorded. In the second part, participants read each indirect request in a literal context and reading times were recorded. After comparing the reading times, it was concluded that Graded Salience Hypothesis predictions were not confirmed and sometimes, context was a more important factor than salience. Therefore, instead of a parallel process, a semi-serial process was witnessed. Therefore, among Persian indirect requests, salient meaning in familiar and less familiar figurative expressions was figurative meaning. In unfamiliar indirect requests, the salient meaning was figurative and literal meaning. Therefore, literal meaning was not salient meaning and this finding challenges the modular-based views.

Geoid determination using Stokes’ integral requires that all masses above geoid (topography + atmosphere) to be removed. Using 2nd Helmert condensation model, the topographical masses were replaced by a surface layer on the geoid. This replacement caused changes in gravity and equipotential surfaces which are so-called direct topographical effect (DTE) and indirect topographical effect (ITE), respectively. There are two different methods to formulate the Helmert topographical effects: Moritz-Pellinen and Vanicek-Martinec methods. In the Moritz-Pellinen method, the DTE is defined as the gradient difference of topographic potential of topography at the terrain and the potential of the condensation layer at the geoid surface, while in Vanicek-Martinec method both real and condensation potential refer to terrain surface. In study of Jekeli and Serpas (2003) both methods were applied on 1'×1' gravity data and 30''×30'' grids of height to geoid determination of different regions of the USA. The results indicated that the Moritz-Pellinen method is clearly superior to Vanicek-Martinec method. However, in this study, our goal is not to evaluate the effectiveness of these two methods. The subject of this study is the propagation of DEM error in the direct and indirect topographical effects in geoid using the planar approximation of the Moritz-Pellinen method. The integral formulas of standard deviation of the topographical effects were obtained in terms of DEM standard deviation error and error covariance function.    To increase performance, all numerical calculations of all derived integrals were performed by FFT. Numerical investigations of this study are done over the central Alborz mountainous area, as this area is the most rugged terrain in Iran. Two global DEMs, the SRTM and the AW3D30, were freely available with a spatial resolution of one arc second (approximately 30 meters) in the test region. The mean and standard deviation of differences between two DEMs are about 2 and 3 meters, respectively, which produce 0.1 mGal and 1 mm differences in DTE and ITE.Estimation of DTE and ITE error requires the global average error (standard deviation) of the DEM as well as the parameter of correlation length for evaluation of correlated error. Accurate estimation of these parameters needs high-resolution ground control points that were not available in this study. Therefore, using an overall accuracy and a correlation length based on the previous studies, the estimated standard deviation for direct and indirect topographical effects varied from 0 to 0.6 mGal and 0 to 17 mm in the test region, respectively.    The influence of DTE error on the geoid error can be computed by applying the error propagation law on the Stokes’ integral. Our calculations show that the error of SRTM DEM on geoid in central Alborz can exceed from 1 cm, but the values are about 1-2 mm in the flat areas. Therefore, geoid determination with 1 cm accuracy in mountainous areas in Iran requires DEM with better average accuracy than the current available models. Various previous studies indicate that the error of DEMs decreases in mountainous areas.